![]() Efforts devoted to the conceptualization and description of bilingualism go hand in hand with the emergence of research investigating the impact of different long-term (e.g., ) and short-term bilingual experiences (e.g., ) on linguistic and non-linguistic cognitive processes (for a review, see, e.g., ). Considering the bilingual language experience as heterogeneous and dynamic complicates its conceptualization, and a variety of labels, definitions, and descriptions are used by the scientific community (for a review of the conceptualization of bilingualism in the 21 st century, see ). In contrast to more traditional and restrictive definitions, current definitions of bilingualism emphasise the use of more than one language rather than proficiency. Millions of individuals around the world know and use more than one language on a daily basis. The funders had no influence in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.īilingualism (and multilingualism) is a common phenomenon in society. The open-access article processing charge (APC) has been funded by a grant awarded to KT within the Programme "Excellence Initiative - Research University" of Warsaw University. KT was supported by funding from Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej in Poland with an Ulam grant (PPN/ULM/205). įunding: SC and ZW received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska Curie grant agreement No 765556 - The Multilingual Mind. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The complete filtered and organized dataset used for the analysis is freely available at. Received: JAccepted: MaPublished: March 21, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Castro et al. PLoS ONE 17(3):Įditor: Simone Sulpizio, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, ITALY Lastly, monolingual experiences are different from bilingual experiences therefore, existing questionnaires that evaluate language experiences should be adapted to capture the particular linguistic experiences of monolinguals.Ĭitation: Castro S, Wodniecka Z, Timmer K (2022) Am I truly monolingual? Exploring foreign language experiences in monolinguals. Moreover, these results show the need to consider the specificity of the monolingual language experience when analysing the impact of foreign languages on cognitive functioning, as differences in the language experiences of bilinguals also have divergent impacts on cognition. These results suggest that the linguistic experiences of monolinguals from the UK often include exposure to and use of foreign languages. ![]() Lastly, around 58% of monolinguals who had visited one or more non-English-speaking countries declared the active use of foreign languages during their stay(s). Furthermore, activities that involved passive use of languages (i.e., activities that require reading or listening but do not require speaking or writing e.g., watching TV) were occasionally carried out in foreign languages: around 26% of these monolinguals confirmed the passive use of more than one language. Moreover, nearly 40% of all the studied monolinguals confirmed that they had been passively exposed to foreign languages or dialects in their environment approximately a fourth of these monolinguals who declared exposure to at least one foreign language (or dialect) confirmed that they also used these languages. More than half of this 80% of monolinguals also used languages they had learned at some point in their lives. ![]() Through an online survey, we found that more than 80% of these monolinguals had learned at least one foreign language, dialect, or type of jargon. ![]() In this study, we analyse the linguistic experiences of 962 English-speaking individuals from the United Kingdom (UK) who identified as monolinguals. The linguistic experiences of monolinguals are usually overlooked when analysing the impact of foreign language experiences on language processing and cognitive functioning. Monolingualism has typically been understood as a homogeneous phenomenon.
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